The Qt WebEngine module provides a web browser engine that makes it easy to embed content from the World Wide Web into your Qt application on platforms that do not have a native web engine.

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Qt WebEngine provides C++ classes and QML types for rendering HTML, XHTML, and SVG documents, styled using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripted with JavaScript. HTML documents can be made fully editable by the user through the use of the contenteditable attribute on HTML elements.

Qt WebEngine Architecture

The functionality in Qt WebEngine is divided into the following modules:

Qt WebEngine Widgets Module for creating widget-based web applications
Qt WebEngine Module for creating Qt Quick based web applications
Qt WebEngine Core Module for interacting with Chromium

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Page rendering and JavaScript execution are separated from the GUI process into the Qt WebEngine Process. It is a library that must be shipped with the application if the Qt libraries are bundled into the application.

Qt WebEngine Widgets Module

A web engine view is the main widget component of the Qt WebEngine module. It can be used in various applications to load web content. Within a view, a web engine page holds a main frame that is responsible for web content, the history of navigated links, and actions. The view and page are quite similar, as they provide a set of common functions.

All pages belong to a web engine profile that contains shared settings, scripts, and cookies. Profiles can be used to isolate pages from each other. A typical use case is a dedicated profile for a private browsing mode, where no information is permanently saved.

Note: The Qt WebEngine Widgets module uses the Qt Quick scene graph to compose the elements of a web page into one view. This means that the UI process requires OpenGL ES 2.0 or OpenGL 2.0 for its rendering.

Qt WebEngine Module

The Qt WebEngine QML implementation contains the same elements as the Qt WebEngine Widgets implementation, except that there is no separately accessible web engine page. The supported page functionality is integrated into the web engine view.

Qt WebEngine Core Module

The Qt WebEngine core is based on the Chromium Project. Chromium provides its own network and painting engines and is developed tightly together with its dependent modules.

Note: Qt WebEngine is based on Chromium, but does not contain or use any services or add-ons that might be part of the Chrome browser that is built and delivered by Google. You can find more detailed information about the differences between Chromium and Chrome in this overview that is part of the documentation in the Chromium Project upstream source tree.

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This version of Qt WebEngine is based on Chromium version 87.0.4280, with additional security fixes from newer versions.

Qt WebEngine Process

The Qt WebEngine Process is a separate executable that is used to render web pages and execute JavaScript. This mitigates security issues and isolates crashes caused by specific content.

Embedding Web Content into Widget Based Applications

Use the QWebEngineView class to display web pages in the simplest way. Because it is a widget, you can embed QWebEngineView into your forms and use its convenience functions to download and display web sites.

An instance of QWebEngineView has one QWebEnginePage. QWebEnginePage can have a QWebEngineHistory that provides access to the page's navigation history and several QAction objects that apply actions on the web page. In addition, a QWebEnginePage has the ability to run JavaScript code in the context of the page's main frame and to enable customization of handlers for specific events like showing custom authentication dialogs.

Each QWebEnginePage belongs to a QWebEngineProfile that can have a QWebEngineSettings for specifying page settings, a QWebEngineScriptCollection for running scripts on the page, and a QWebEngineCookieStore for accessing the HTTP cookies of Chromium. A QWebEnginePage can also directly point to a script collection.

For a widget based application, the web engine is automatically initialized, unless it is placed in a plugin. In that case, it must be initialized in the application main source file by using QtWebEngine::initialize, as illustrated by the following code snippet:

Embedding Web Content into Qt Quick Applications

The WebEngineView QML type allows Qt Quick applications to render regions of dynamic web content. A WebEngineView type may share the screen with other QML types or encompass the full screen as specified within the Qt Quick application.

To make sure that OpenGL context can be shared between the GUI and render processes, the web engine must be initialized by using QtWebEngine::initialize in the application main source file, as illustrated by the following code snippet:

An application can load pages into the WebEngineView, using either an URL or HTML string, and navigate within session history. By default, links to different pages load within the same WebEngineView object, but web sites may request them to be opened as a new tab, window, or dialog.

The following sample QML application loads a web page using the url property:

Script Injection

Qt WebEngine does not allow direct access to the document object model (DOM) of a page. However, the DOM can be inspected and adapted by injecting scripts.

The DOM of a page is constructed when the document is ready, typically when the page is completely loaded. Therefore, executing scripts as soon as a document is created is not suitable for DOM operations, where one has to wait until the DOM is ready.

In addition, an injected script shares the same world as the other scripts executed on the page, which might lead to conflicts. To avoid this, the QWebEngineScript class and the WebEngineScript QML type provide implementations of the Chromium API for Content Script Extensions. They specify the script to run, the injection point, and the world where the script is run. This enables accessing the DOM to manipulate it within a world.

Since Qt 5.8, Qt WebEngine supports augmenting a script by using the following Greasemonkey-like attributes:

@exclude <regexp>
@include <regexp>
@match <regexp>
@name <free text>
@run-at [document-start|document-end|document-idle]

The attributes determine if and when a user script is run. They must be placed immediately in the beginning of the script, inside a UserScript comment:

If your WebEngine application is built using the Qt Quick Compiler, and the application ships JavaScript files inside .qrc resources, consider reading the section JavaScript Files in Qt Resource Files.

Managing Certificates

Qt WebEngine uses its own network stack, and therefore QSslConfiguration is not used to open SSL connections. Instead, Qt WebEngine uses the root CA certificates from the operating system to validate the peer's certificate.

The WebEngineCertificateError::error and QWebEngineCertificateError::Error enumerations provide